How Narrative And Memory Influence Identity - 942 Words

Up to this point, I have used the terms â€Å"self† and â€Å"identity,† including various compound terms for or with them, without attempting to define or distinguish them. Before continuing, and prior to any further discussion of how narrative and memory influence identity, I wish to clarify these terms as best as I am able. As McAdams (2003) notes, both social scientists and laypersons use â€Å"self† and â€Å"identity† interchangeably in many circumstances. The increasing use of â€Å"identity† and explorations of the topic, particularly among anthropologists and sociologists, highlights and exacerbates the difficulty of pinning down a singular, clear, and concise meaning of the term. While endlessly debated, â€Å"identity† and â€Å"self† still remain useful concepts in the social sciences to talk about â€Å"key manifestations of our awareness of ourselves as persons† (Eakin 2008:xii). Perhaps the best way to root ou t the difference, and interdependence, of â€Å"self† and â€Å"identity: is to first examine how others have struggled with this topic. Handle (1994:28) notes the problems of definition stem from a â€Å"commonsense notion of identity which she paraphrases as â€Å"the identity of a person or group is what it really is, uniquely, in and of itself, in its inner being and without reference to externals.† This notion is further entrenched through the common use of identity in reference to identity theft, student ID numbers, and ID cards. In this sense, identity is used to highlight a unique set ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved920 Words   |  4 Pages(slaves) did not have a voice. How does Beloved compare to other slave narrative, and why is it important? How does memory involve itself within this concept? â€Å"A Different Remembering: Memory, History and Meaning in Beloved† is Marilyn Sanders Mobley’s attempt to distinguish the difference of Morrison’s novel from the established white literary tradition that critics were trying to place it in. Mobley argues that Morrison’s use of the trope of memory revises the slave narrative genre and makes the slaveRead MoreThe Tragedy And Horror Of The Joplin Tornado1627 Words   |  7 Pagesselect the features of the collective narrative shared with the nation through national news. The national attention to Joplin, spurred those wanting to help in the wake of such devastation and those in admiration of the community’s own resilience to volunteer time and resources to the recovery effort. Cast as an all-American city in the Heartland of the nation, the positive ethos and determination demonstrated by Joplin citizens transformed the community’s identity from a virtually-unknown place inRead MoreTajfel And Turner Social Identity Theory1462 Words   |  6 PagesTajfel Turner, (1979) the proponents of social identity theory helped in the understanding of intergroup relations. The emphasis the complex â€Å"interweaving of an individual or interpersonal behavior with contextual social processes of intergroup conflict† (p.276). Social identity theory, thus emphasizes intergroup relations (the relationship an individual has with his group and between an outgroup) and categorical distinction (what sets an individual apart from another outgroup). Korostelina describesRead MoreSpiegelman s Imaginary Homelands By Salman Rushdie1386 Words   |  6 Pagespast life has a vast influence on his or her writing and can be the foundation of their material. Imaginary Homelands by Salman Rushdie depicts the criteria for a successful or unsuccessful work of literature. His input on an author having past correlations, separate identities, and memories to right their novel is shown in the wri tings of Art Spiegelman’s Maus series. Spiegelman demonstrates that the connections from where you are from, the identities you have, and the memories you hold have an immenseRead MoreWhen Memories And Events Become Institutionalized In A1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhen memories and events become institutionalized in a museum setting, they become the lens through which present and future generations gaze into past. National museums promote local history and identity, but what about multinational museums and multinational identity? This is the question the European Union hopes to address with their sanctioning of the House of European History (HEH). The main goal of the HEH is to create a collection of permanent and temporary exhibitions to invite people intoRead MoreReview of Army of Shadows Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages Hillel Cohen reexamines the typical historical narratives about Palestinian perspectives prior to the Nakba. Much of the discussion pertains to the changes that took place within the mindsets of numerous groups of Palestinians during the British Mandate. It could be beneficial to compare the approach and methodologies of Hillel Cohens book to Ilan Pappes The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2006) and his reassessment of Israels historical memory. Pappe focuses on the planning and actions that wereRead MoreNotes On The Land Bears The Mark Of The Human History1657 Words   |  7 PagesOverview We are the stories that we tell. We shape our narratives of the past to represent who we feel we are, selecting aspects to highlight and others to forget based on how we wish to represent ourselves and the meaning we apply to particular events. Simultaneous to that process, the stories passed down through the generations, the stories that define a collective people, and repetition of the stories we each tell in our daily lives, shape individuals and their construction of self and createRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 Pagesof the characters lives and the memories they are trying to conceal. By looking at the suppression of memory from the members of 124, we can see Morrison creates a metaphor to the way America’s future is dependent on understanding the haunting of the past. Through an analysis of these memories and their consequences, we can comparatively relate it to our engrained past in slavery and how the former speaks for the ladder. Iyunolu Osagie discusses Morrison’s narrative as a product in â€Å"historical mythmaking†Read MoreExploring The Benefits And Difficulties Of Travel Accounts881 Words   |  4 Pagesworks that some may regard as genre in their own rights†¦ but it distinguishes these from other types of narrative in which travel ins narrated by a third party or is imagined.† Young’s description of travel narratives allows for accounts that were viewed as accurate in their time such as Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. Young and Elizabeth Bohls demonstrate the ability for travel narratives to be a combination of several literature genres, and the focus is on the aspects of the traveler ratherRead MoreIntercultural Cultural Competence And Identity1335 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal identity narrative This paper is an exploration of what you yourself bring to the communication. Since the understanding of oneself is an essential part of understanding others, which altogether facilitate communication. a) Use the concepts about identity, values, norms, beliefs, cultural practices, cultural patterns and competence †¦ to reflect on your cultural experience. b) Be selective, choose some of the most influential elements only. c) Discuss how your cultural narrative influences and

Essay on The US Involvement in The Vietnam War - 1067 Words

The Vietnam War was one of the worst wars in the United States history. The reason for the United States involvement was due to the start of communism in North Vietnam. The citizens in South Vietnam feared the control of North Vietnam and were worried that the north would take control of the south. The communist North Vietnam had support from the Soviet Union and China, making the South Vietnamese vulnerable to the north. In their time of struggle the South Vietnamese were able to receive aid from the United States. The North Vietnamese had set up a series of radar stations along bays and islands on the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 1, 1964 the U.S.S. Maddox was posted on a surveillance mission to study the North Vietnamese defenses†¦show more content†¦The destroyers found no trace of a ship. President Johnson was convinced that the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy had been attacked by the North Vietnamese and decided that the United States must react quickly. Around midnight on August 4, 1964 American aircrafts began sixty-four sorties (one plane attacks) over North Vietnamese patrol boat bases and a major oil storage depot. During the sorties more than twenty Vietnamese vessels were destroyed, while the oil depot became an inferno of flame and smoke. The events that took place in the Gulf of Tonkin added to years of tension between the United States and North Vietnam. United States Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy had spent millions of dollars to aid the non-communist South Vietnamese. Before 1964 thousands of American military advisers were training and assisting the South Vietnamese army. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s decision to bomb North Vietnam put the United States in the center of the longest war in the nations history. The Vietcong (North Vietnamese) grew more aggressive after the incident at the Gulf of Tonkin. On November 1964, they attacked the American base at Bien Hoa and destroyed five B-57 jets while damaging twenty more. Since the increase of tension with the Vietcong continued, draft calls had increased substantially in the United States and American casualties were being felt across the country. On Christmas Eve 1964 the Vietcong set off a bomb in theShow MoreRelatedUS Involvement in the Vietnam War1301 Words   |  5 PagesInvolvement in the Vietnam War Over thirty years ago the Vietnam War ended, and the U.S. came back home with their tails between their legs and nothing to show for other than a high number of casualties, and a huge pile of debt. The U.S. underestimated the North Vietnamese army, and it was costly. Many believe that the Vietnam War was none of the U.S. business, but on the contrary, many believe we should have tried to stop the spread of communism. The long-lasting Vietnam War was unnecessaryRead MoreAnalysis of Different Viewpoints of US Involvement in the Vietnam War1141 Words   |  5 PagesThirty-eight years have passed and the Vietnam War is still a controversial topic. While some Americans believe that Indochina was of no strategic value to the United States, others argue that civilian leaders have undermined the war effort. My paper will help analyze the different viewpoints for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the overall assessment of each. Almost all the sources utilized came to the consensus that the chief purpose for U.S. intervention was to stop Communism from spreading. NeverthelessRead MoreThe Nature And Consequences Of Vietnam1576 Words   |  7 PagesThe nature and consequences of US involvement in Vietnam until 1968 are categorically characterised by Economic, Social, political and military linkages with the nation on both flanks of the demilitarised zone on the 17th parallel. The consequences associated, in regards to the United States escalation of involvement in economic, social, political and military relations in both South and North Vietnam, were substantial in the sense that the United States would ultimately shape a volatile politicalRead MoreThe Vietnam War1402 Words   |  6 Pagesinstability in Vietnam from 1950 to 1975 between the communist North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam during the Cold War era has led to the United States’ inevitable intervention in Vietnam. The main motivators for the United States’ incremental decision to in tervene and commitment in Vietnam can be viewed as an accumulation of socio-political, political and economic catalysts. In recognition that there were many other factors that may have contributed to the U.S’s involvement in the conflictRead MorePresident Dwight D. Eisenhower And The Vietnam War Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesconference [1]. In that conference, he announced his so called â€Å"Domino Theory†. It was a substantial aspect of the US involvement in the Vietnam War, involvement in terms of its military support and methods used in Vietnam. Even though it was greatly enhanced by other factors, such as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, it was the trigger, and therefore the source of all US involvement in the Vietnam War. The main rationale of the theory was that if one country fell down to communism, all the surrounding countriesRead MoreUnited States Involvement with Vietnam Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Involvement with Vietnam Although there are no specific, reasons as to why the USA became increasingly involved in the war, I can name many different reasons and aspects as to why they did. These reasons all link together in some way. These reasons range from long term to short term, and from financial, to political, and finally to full scale war. The origins of involvement can be traced back to the 19th century when the French had added a huge partRead MoreEssay on The War in Vietnam1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe War in Vietnam America became increasingly involved in the war in Vietnam, mainly because of the domino theory, the fear of the spread of communism. If South Vietnam fell to the communist the US feared that communism would spread throughout Asia and to neighbouring countries. The influence of the previous presidents also caused another main reason for the US to become more involved in Vietnam. But there is one underlining fact; if the ‘French had not left, AmericaRead MoreEssay on The Cold War from 1950-19801739 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War from 1950-1980 The period of 1950 to 1980 saw the Cold War spread from the traditional playing field of Europe to other parts of the world. However it is quite clear that the USA and the Soviet Union played only a marginal role in originating these conflicts-at the most setting up the basic framework for it to occur. Furthermore, when they did get involved they each did so to varying degrees. The USA seemed to be much more motivated and interestedRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy : A War On Poverty And The So Called Great Society1021 Words   |  5 Pagescivil rights† (Tindall and Shi 1050). His successor Johnson, committed to New Deal Democratic Liberalism, launched a War on Poverty and the so-called Great Society, a large array of social reform programs. However, since the US expanded its involvement in the Vietnam War, federal funds that were initially planned to be used for the War on Poverty, were instead used to cover the high war expenses (Tindall and Shi 1045). Many Americans lost their confidence in the liberal Democratic government and highlyRead MoreThe Tonkin Gulf Resolution on August 7 789 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment in South Vietnam. Just like Kennedy, who was determined to pursue the fight against Communism around the globe and promising to â€Å"pay any price, bear any burden†, so was Johnson determined to accomplish his predecessor’s object ives stating: â€Å"let us continue† in Vietnam. Therefore, it is no surprise that â€Å"Johnson pledged to carry out the policies of the Kennedy administration†. Realizing the vast commitment needed to win the war Johnson searches for excuse to openly attack North Vietnam and not lose

Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation Free Essays

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS UNDER NIGERIAN LEGISLATION Introduction A contract is an agreement which is legally binding on the parties to it and which if broken may be enforced by action in court against the party that has broken it. A contract may be void or voidable. A void contract is that which lacks the essential ingredients or elements of valid contract and therefore of no legal effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation or any similar topic only for you Order Now A voidable contract is that which is valid in the first place but may be ended at the instance of one of the parties to it. Such contracts include guarantee with a bank of money lender, hire purchase and sale or leasing of land. The legal consequences of non-compliance are that they are not enforceable at law though they are not necessarily void. However, some categories of contracts must of necessity be in writing or else they shall be void absolutely. These include transfer of shares, marine insurance and hire purchase agreements. As a general rule also, all contracts are in the nature of agreement: however, not all agreements may constitute a contract properly so called. For instance, an agreement for the sale of a parcel of land is intended to be binding and enforceable at law, whereas, an invitation to a luncheon which after all, did not hold may not be enforceable at the suit of the disappointed party. A contract may also be under-seal or by deed and may be simple or oral. It may be express when it is written or implied when it is inferred from the conduct and acts of the parties. In addition, there can be bilateral contract between two parties or multi-lateral contract among parties depending on the nature of obligations to be performed under the agreement. Condition and warranty are the two basic types of express terms in a contract. Whether a term is a condition or warranty depends on the intention of the parties. A condition is a vital term which goes to the root of the contract. Breach of a condition entitles the innocent party to repudiate the contract and to claim damages. A warranty is a term which is subsidiary to the main purpose of the contract, breach of which only entitles the innocent party to damages. FORMATION OF A VALID CONTRACT The main requirements of a valid contract are as follows: 1. there must be an offer; . there must be an acceptance; 3. there must be consideration; 4. parties must have full contractual capacity; 5. there must be an intention to create legal relations; 6. object of the contract must not be unlawful nor illegal; 7. prescribed formalities must be followed, for example, it should be in writing or by deed. Forms of Contract Contract supported by consideration are essentially expected to be in writing ,. It is however important to note that a contract may also be oral or implied and yet be binding on the parties depending on the peculiar circumstances. The fact remains that a contract may not be taken as being invalid or unenforceable for the mere fact that it is not in a written form. Te court would normally not assist any person who was lured into an oral agreement. Writing merely facilitates the interpretation or proving of the terms of the contract barring which it may not be all that necessary. In considering commercial contracts under Nigerian legislation however, we would evaluate three of such contracts which are: ? hire purchase; ?sale of goods; ?agency. AGENCY CONTRACT Introduction Agency is a relationship that exists between two persons, one of whom expressly or impliedly agrees that the other should represent him or act on his behalf. The one that is represented is called the principal while the person representing or acting on somebody’s behalf is called Agent. Agency relationship involves the consent of the agent and the principal that one should act for the other. It thus arises from a contract or agreements express or implied. Ofodile v. Chinwuba Generally, the relationship of principal and agent may arise in three main ways: 1. By agreement , whether contractual or not express or implied in nature 2. By subsequent ratification by the principal of the agent’s act done on his behalf, and 3. By operation of law under the doctrine of necessity Whether or not an agency relationship exists would largely depend on the true nature of the agreement and the circumstances of the relationship between the principal and the agent. In another vein, the law of agency consists of the law of the employer and the employed, where the employment consists of bringing the employer into contractual relationship with the third party. This relationship is simply referred to as â€Å"The Master and Servant† relationship under the labour law and for which there is a vicarious liability. An agent should be distinguished for an independent contractor. An independent contractor is the person who negotiates with the third party on his own behalf. An independent contactor is a person liable to give contract for service while and agent or servant renders contract of service. An independent contractor is personally liable at law for his actions. An agent is not a trustee of the goods in his care not being the legal owner. The extent or scope of the Agent’s discretion is determined by his principal’s instructions. Legal title always remains in the principal. An agent can therefore not give good title all by himself. CLASSIFICATION OF AGENCY a. Special Agent: This is someone who has authority to do some particular act on behalf of his principal though not a continuous basis; for instance, a special order to purchase a house or a vehicle. b. General Agent: this is someone who has power to act for his principal in all matters involving business or trade, for example a solicitor or legal practitioner. . A Factor Agent: He is an agent who sells or disposes of goods that are entrusted to him. His activities are governed by the Factors Act 1889 (UK d. Broker Agent: He negotiates ad makes contract for the sale and purchase of goods. However unlike a factor he is not left in possession of the goods. Typical example is insurance Brokers and Stock Brokers. e. Universal Agent: This is someone who rep resents various principals in many aspects of trade. He is appointed by a Deed under Power of Attorney and has wide powers. f. Mercantile Agent: He represents someone in commercial and certain aspects of trade. Their duties are more or less similar to those of the factor agent g. Auctioneer: He represents a principal in the disposal of real properties. They are usually licensed to sell properties of Mortgagors who have defaulted in payment. Auctioneer acts between the Vendor and the purchaser. He receives commission and invariably sells to the highest bidder. h. Estate Agent: These deal in the acquisition of, valuation of an disposal of properties i. Del-Credere Agent: This is a mercantile agent who, in consideration of extra pay, that is del-credere commission guarantees to his principal that the 3rd party with whom he enters into contract on behalf of the principal shall duly pay the sum becoming due under the contract. In effect a del credere agent is a surety of the person with whom he deals. This is just a form of guarantee which may not necessarily be in writing in order to be enforceable at law. CREATION OF AGENCY It may be created in two broad ways namely: (a)Expressly and (b) impliedly a. Express Creation: . By deed – this involves issuing an authority in writing with the necessary instruction and attestation clauses. That is signed, sealed and delivered. This process is known as the granting a Power of Attorney. 2. Oral instruction – This is agency by appointment, it deals with express authorisation of the principal to the agent to act for him b. Implied Creation 1. Agency of necessity – This is cre ated by act of person who normally had no authority but was compelled to reasonable act to protect the interest of the 3rd party especially during an emergency situation. 2. Agency by Estoppel: – This is a type of agency that can be inferred form the conduct of the parties. If the situation that exists suggests that parties want to create an agency relationship, either of the parties is stopped form denying the existence of such a relationship. 3. Apparent Agency – This occurs where a principal has not taken due precaution to prevent a situation where somebody portrays himself as having power to act as his agent. 4. Agency by ratification – This occurs where the principal having full knowledge of the fact, accepts the benefits of the contract entered into by his apparent agent. Any act whether lawful or unlawful may be ratified provided it is not void. If it is voidable it is still capable of being ratified as long as it is valid. In Brook v. Nook where an agent forged his principal’s signature on a promissory note; it was held that the attempt at ratification was void. The principal must have capacity as at the date of the contract. In Kelner v. Baxter where a promoter tried to ratify some pre-incorporation contracts it was held that he could not succeed as the contracts predated the company. How to cite Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation, Papers

Observations on Corruption in Cambodia free essay sample

In 1993, with the constitutional monarchy restored in Cambodia, Sihanouk became the king once again. The whole country were cheerful, as they finally saw the dawn of peace. Having suffered ravages of war for nearly half a century, Cambodia, which used to be called as â€Å"oasis of peace†, was not flourished any more. Cambodian economy withstanding the devastating strike, this country had become one of the least developed countries in the world. Under the leadership of the administration of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Cambodia conducted reconstruction work in peacetime. However, large concentration of power and lack of proper monitoring system made bureaucratism and corruption in Cambodia government worsening. Many officials’ actions like abuse of power, jobbery, suppression law with power greatly damaged interests of the country and people. It also brought about many social problems, for example, officials’ illegal encroachment on farmers’ lands and illegal felling of forests. These problems can only be settled when they were appealed to Prime Minister Hun Sen. We will write a custom essay sample on Observations on Corruption in Cambodia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What’s more, factional fighting of the government has sustained for a long time, and it will still sustain in the future. As the a regional hub in South East area, Cambodia has cheap labor, abundant natural resources and strong aspiration of economic development. But weak infrastructure, poor and backward current circumstances and especially serious corruption bring about huge risk for foreign investment and restrain its economic development. The international anti-corruption non governmental organization, Transparency International, has released the 2013 Cambodia report recently. It shows that up to 65% of Cambodian people claims that they bribed judicial officials in the last 12 months. The proportion of bribes to policemen reaches 65%; that of bribes to officers in public utilities reaches 62%; that of bribes to registration and licensing agency personnel is 62%; that of bribes to land service staff is 57%; that of bribes to educational institutions staff is 30%; and that of bribes to medical service personnel is 38%. Cambodia is among the countries which suffers most serious corruption. Government and military are in collusion with domestic and foreign businessmen to smuggle, evade taxes and revolt taxes, which causes great fiscal losses and economic havoc. Both in the previous leading group of Phnom Penh and in the later Kingdom government, there are many officials abusing power, exploiting power to seek their own interests, violating the law and corrupting. And this situation becomes increasingly serious. A lot of officials take various excuses to require people to make â€Å"contribution† to the state. People has massive abhorrence of arbitrary charges , levies and fines. Officials’ profiting at state’s expense results to huge losses of national fiscal funds and resources. They, suppressing law with power, sell illegal occupied real estate and national resources. They also take overseas visit, medical treatment, medical check-ups as excuses to squander state’s money. Additionally, their demand of raising salary and allowance increases the national budget deficit. The king Sihanouk once said, â€Å"our ministers are not capable of state governing, but they are very rich. In Cambodia, power makes corruption legalized. Thus, all the clean government construction and the fight against corruption can not be truly realized. As different opinions exist in ruling party and officials with different power have different responsibilities, in order to protect their own interests, all parties will not implement policies and orders as the requirements. Disaccord between central government and local government, as well as between administration and the military makes the implement different with expected. Judging from the present situation, Cambodia is still mired in the quagmire of corruption.